The truism that all adults need at least eight hours of sleep a night for good health should be put to rest by mounting evidence that less may be better.

    People who sleep about seven hours a night live the longest, three huge studies have found, the newest out in the February issue of the journal SLEEP.

    Still, many sleep experts say lots of adults get too little rest, and that can lead to dangerous health problems.

    In the latest report from Japanese researchers, 104,010 adults were followed for about 10 years. At the start, the participants answered questionnaires about their sleep patterns, and about their health, mental health and lifestyle habits, which also can affect survival.

    After accounting for all of these factors, adults getting an average of seven hours had the lowest death rates. Surprisingly, less sleep, even as little as four hours a night, didn't significantly increase deaths for men and only lowered survival for women if they averaged less than four hours. But adults who slept longer than seven hours, particularly women, were more likely to die during the 10 years.

    Two other major published studies and a dozen smaller ones came to similar conclusions, says psychiatrist Daniel Kripke, a sleep researcher at the University of California-San Diego School of Medicine.

    Doctors shouldn't tell all of their patients to get at least eight hours of sleep, he says in an editorial in the journal.

    Hormonal changes triggered by darkness or other unknown biological effects from long sleep could be affecting survival, Kripke says.

    But short sleepers may suffer other bad effects. In his brief studies, those sleeping four to five and a half hours did poorly on tests that measure memory, clear thinking and the ability to pay attention, "and they did progressively worse as the week went on," says David Dinges of the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. Adults who slept about seven hours performed best, he says.

    Other small studies have found adults who sleep less than six hours may be at higher risk for diabetes and obesity. And sleep deprivation also causes car crashes, Dinges says.

    "People should get as many hours sleep as they need to feel rested," Kripke says, adding that there's no proof that shortening sleep will lengthen life. Sleep need is partly genetic and may be determined by other factors that also influence life span, he says.

    成年人每天至少需要8小時(shí)睡眠才可以保持身體健康——這條“真理”已不再適用，因?yàn)樵絹碓蕉嗟淖C據(jù)表明睡覺時(shí)間少于8小時(shí)可能會(huì)更有益于健康。

    三次大規(guī)模的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)每晚睡7小時(shí)左右的人壽命最長，其中最近的一次研究結(jié)果在二月份的《睡眠》期刊上發(fā)表。

    盡管如此，許多研究睡眠的科學(xué)家說很多成年人的休息時(shí)間太少，這會(huì)導(dǎo)致健康危機(jī)。

    在日本研究者的最新研究報(bào)告中，他們在十年時(shí)間里密切觀察了十萬四千零十位成年人。一開始，參與者回答了有關(guān)睡眠方式、健康狀況、精神狀況和生活習(xí)慣的問卷調(diào)查，這些因素都可能影響他們的壽命。

    分析了以上這些因素之后，發(fā)現(xiàn)平均每天睡七小時(shí)的成年人的死亡率最低。令人驚訝的是，如果睡眠的時(shí)間更少，甚至每晚只睡4小時(shí)，男性的死亡率并沒有明顯上升。而如果女性的平均睡眠小于4小時(shí)，她們的壽命則會(huì)縮短。但是睡眠時(shí)間超過7小時(shí)的成年人，特別是女性，很可能在10年內(nèi)去世。

    加州大學(xué)圣地亞哥分校醫(yī)學(xué)院的睡眠研究者、精神病醫(yī)生丹尼爾·克里普卡說，另外兩個(gè)已經(jīng)發(fā)表的大規(guī)模研究和許多小型研究都得出了類似的結(jié)論。

    他在《睡眠》雜志上發(fā)表評論說，醫(yī)生不應(yīng)該要求所有病人都至少睡8小時(shí)。

    克里普卡說，黑暗或其他由長時(shí)間睡眠引起的未知生理反應(yīng)會(huì)導(dǎo)致荷爾蒙發(fā)生變化，這會(huì)影響壽命。

    但是，睡眠不足的人可能會(huì)受到其他的不良影響。在他短暫的研究中，那些睡眠時(shí)間在4到5個(gè)半小時(shí)的人在有關(guān)記憶力、清晰的思考問題和集中注意力方面的測試中表現(xiàn)很差。賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院的大衛(wèi)·丁格斯說：“持續(xù)時(shí)間越長，他們的情況就越糟。”他說，睡7個(gè)小時(shí)的成年人表現(xiàn)的最好。

    其他小型研究發(fā)現(xiàn)睡眠時(shí)間小于6小時(shí)的成年人得糖尿病和肥胖癥的危險(xiǎn)很大，缺少睡眠也會(huì)引起撞車，丁格斯說。

    “人們應(yīng)該睡足他們需要休息的時(shí)間，”克里普卡說。他還補(bǔ)充說，沒有證據(jù)證明縮短睡眠時(shí)間能夠延長壽命。睡眠的需求一部分取決于基因，也可能取決于其他一些因素，這些因素還影響生命的長短。