手機(jī)版
[00:02.70]was to take the veil-- lift the veil away 就是要摘掉這層面紗
[00:05.38]from important subjects that are being hidden. 摘掉掩蓋著重要議題的遮羞布
[00:10.38](film projector clicking)
[00:12.58]Schlosser: The whole industrial food system 工業(yè)化的食物生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)
[00:14.58]really began with fast food. 其實(shí)起源于快餐
[00:18.10]In the 1930s, 20世紀(jì)30年代
[00:21.26]a new form of restaurant arose 一種新型的餐館興起
[00:22.26]and it was called the drive-in. 它叫"免下車餐館"
[00:27.46]The McDonald brothers had a very successful drive-in, 麥當(dāng)勞兄弟經(jīng)營(yíng)這一家非常成功的免下車餐館
[00:29.98]but they decided to cut costs and simplify. 但是他們決定要節(jié)省成本,簡(jiǎn)化流程
[00:34.82]So they fired all their carhops, 于是他們裁掉了所有侍者
[00:37.82]they got rid of most of the things on the menu 又把菜單盡量簡(jiǎn)化
[00:38.18]and they created a revolutionary idea 這就是他們?cè)诓蛷d經(jīng)營(yíng)方面
[00:42.50]to how to run a restaurant. 的一個(gè)革命性的創(chuàng)新
[00:44.18]They basically brought the factory system 他們基本上把食品工廠
[00:45.38]to the back of the restaurant kitchen. 搬到了餐廳廚房后面
[00:51.06]They trained each worker to just do one thing 他們只訓(xùn)練每個(gè)員工做一件事
[00:54.38]again and again and again. 周而復(fù)始地做同一件事
[00:58.58]By having workers who only had to do one thing, 因?yàn)槊總�(gè)員工只需要做一件事
[01:02.26]they could pay them a low wage 所以他們的工資很低
[00:00.00]by: 更多電影原聲MP3盡在人人聽力網(wǎng) http://www.rrting.com/English/movie_mp3/
[01:04.94]and it was very easy to find someone to replace them. 也很容易找到其他人來(lái)代替這些員工
[01:09.62]It was inexpensive food, it tasted good 這些食物很便宜,味道也不錯(cuò)
[01:13.30]and this McDonald’s fast food restaurant 從此,麥當(dāng)勞快餐
[01:14.50]was a huge huge success. 走上了巨大成功之路
[01:19.70]麥當(dāng)勞兄弟
[01:22.34]That mentality of uniformity, 這種生產(chǎn)無(wú)差別
[01:25.50]conformity and cheapness 而又廉價(jià)的食物的思路
[01:27.54]applied widely and on a large scale 在各方面被廣泛應(yīng)用
[01:28.38]has all kinds of unintended consequences. 造成了許多意料之外的后果
[01:31.22](mooing)
[01:36.90]When McDonald’s is the largest purchaser 當(dāng)麥當(dāng)勞成為了
[01:38.74]of ground beef in the United States 美國(guó)最大的碎牛肉買家之后
[01:42.58]and they want their hamburgers 他們希望他們的漢堡
[01:44.58]to taste, everywhere, exactly the same, 無(wú)論在哪里買的,吃起來(lái)都是一樣的味道
[01:45.10]they change how ground beef is produced. 于是他們促成了碎牛肉生產(chǎn)方式的變革
[01:52.30]The McDonald’s corporation 麥當(dāng)勞公司
[01:54.30]is the largest purchaser of potatoes 是世界上最大的馬鈴薯買家
[01:57.98]and one of the largest purchasers of pork, 也是下列食品的最大買家之一,包括豬肉
[02:00.66]chicken, tomatoes, lettuce, even apples. 雞肉,西紅柿,生菜,甚至蘋果
[02:05.02]These big big fast food chains 這些龐大的快餐連鎖店
[02:07.54]want big suppliers. 想要大型的供應(yīng)商
[02:09.54]And now there are essentially a handful of companies 實(shí)際上,現(xiàn)在只有幾家公司
[02:12.22]controlling our food system. 控制著我們的食物供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)
[02:20.74]In the 1970s, the top five beef-packers 在20世紀(jì)70年代,最大的5家牛肉供應(yīng)商
[02:23.74]controlled only about 25% of the market. 只占有25%左右的市場(chǎng)份額
[02:26.62]Today, the top four 到今天,最大的4家
[02:32.10]control more than 80% of the market. 就占據(jù)了超過(guò)80%的市場(chǎng)份額
[02:34.98]You see the same thing happening now in pork. 同樣的事情也發(fā)生在豬肉市場(chǎng)
[02:42.14]Even if you don’t eat at a fast food restaurant, 即使你從不在快餐店吃東西
[02:47.02]by this system. 生產(chǎn)的
[02:52.22]You look at the labels 肉類產(chǎn)品上的標(biāo)簽
[02:54.86]and you see Farmer this, Farmer that-- 總是寫著農(nóng)夫張三,農(nóng)夫李四
[02:56.22]it’s really just three or four companies 但其實(shí)只有三四家公司
[03:00.06]that are controlling the meat. 控制著肉類生產(chǎn)
[03:02.42]We’ve never had food companies this big 歷史上從來(lái)沒(méi)有過(guò)規(guī)模這么龐大的食品公司
[03:06.26]and this powerful in our history. 也沒(méi)有過(guò)實(shí)力這么強(qiáng)大的食品公司
[03:07.42]Tyson, for example, 舉個(gè)例子,泰森公司
[03:09.42]is the biggest meat-packing company in the history of the world. 它是世界上有史以來(lái)最大的肉類供應(yīng)商
[03:15.30]The industry changed the entire way that chicken are raised. 食品工業(yè)徹底改變了雞的飼養(yǎng)
[03:19.98]Birds are now raised and slaughtered 現(xiàn)在,雞從開始飼養(yǎng)到宰殺
[03:22.66]in half the time they were 50 years ago, 花的時(shí)間只是50年前的一半
[03:23.98]but now they’re twice as big. 不過(guò)它們卻長(zhǎng)到50年前的2倍大
[03:25.02]People like to eat white meat, 人們喜歡吃白肉
[03:29.18]so they redesigned the chicken 于是食品公司通過(guò)選育和基因工程
[03:30.02]to have large breasts. 讓雞胸肉長(zhǎng)得更大
[03:36.22]- (cheeping) - They not only changed the chicken, 他們不但改變了雞
[03:39.38]they changed the farmer. 還改變了雞農(nóng)
[03:41.22]Today, chicken farmers no longer control their birds. 現(xiàn)在的雞農(nóng)不再擁有他們飼養(yǎng)的雞
[03:43.26](thudding) 像泰森這樣的大公司
[03:46.26]A company like Tyson
[03:46.58]owns the birds from the day they’re dropped off 從小雞孵出來(lái)就擁有它們的所有權(quán)
[03:51.94]until the day that they’re slaughtered. 直到它們被宰殺的時(shí)候
[03:53.94](buzzes)
[03:54.10]Let me go to the top. 讓我們從行業(yè)頂端開始看
[03:57.30]- Man: This is the Chicken-- - National Chicken Council. -例如雞肉 -全國(guó)養(yǎng)雞業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)
[03:58.82]The chicken industry has really set a model 養(yǎng)雞業(yè)已經(jīng)建立了一個(gè)榜樣 RICHARD LOBB：美國(guó)國(guó)家養(yǎng)雞業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)
[04:01.82]for the integration of production, processing 一個(gè)把肉類產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn),處理
[04:03.82]and marketing of the products 和營(yíng)銷整合起來(lái)的榜樣
[04:07.18]that other industries are now following 其他行業(yè)也在按這個(gè)模式運(yùn)營(yíng)
[04:08.86]because they see that we have achieved tremendous economies. 因?yàn)樗麄兛吹搅宋覀儷@得的巨大經(jīng)濟(jì)效益
[04:16.70]In a way, we’re not producing chickens; 從某個(gè)角度看來(lái),我們不是在養(yǎng)雞
[04:18.38]we’re producing food. 我們是在生產(chǎn)食物
[04:21.22]It’s all highly mechanized. 這個(gè)行業(yè)已經(jīng)高度商業(yè)化
[04:24.90]So all the birds coming off those farms 所以,所有從農(nóng)場(chǎng)出來(lái)的雞
[04:25.42]have to be almost exactly the same size. 必須差不多是一樣的大小
[04:31.58]What the system of intensive production accomplishes 集約化生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)的成果
[04:33.62]is to produce a lot of food 就是利用少量土地
[04:39.78]on a small amount of land 生產(chǎn)了大量食物
[04:40.30]at a very affordable price. 而且價(jià)格低廉
[04:44.66]Now somebody explain to me what’s wrong with that. 試問(wèn)有誰(shuí)會(huì)認(rèn)為這種生產(chǎn)方式不妥呢?
[04:49.98]麥克萊恩縣 肯塔基州
[04:58.10]煙草需求下降后 美國(guó)南方許多農(nóng)場(chǎng)主轉(zhuǎn)向雞只飼養(yǎng) 參見(jiàn)：美國(guó)眾議院通過(guò)煙草管理法案 煙草業(yè)遭重創(chuàng)
